What does the term "genetic engineering" refer to?

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The term "genetic engineering" specifically refers to the manipulation of an organism's DNA to alter its characteristics or capabilities. This process encompasses various techniques that allow scientists to directly modify the genetic material of a living organism, which can include adding, removing, or altering genetic sequences. Through genetic engineering, it's possible to produce organisms with desirable traits, such as crops that are resistant to pests or diseases, or bacteria that can produce insulin.

Understanding genetic engineering is crucial in biotechnology as it enables advancements in medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. For instance, in medical applications, genetic engineering can lead to the development of gene therapies that target specific genetic disorders. Similarly, in agriculture, it can result in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that can thrive in challenging conditions.

Other options, while related to biological concepts, do not adequately capture the essence of genetic engineering. Cloning, as mentioned in one option, is a distinct process and does not encompass the broader scope of manipulating DNA sequences. The study of heredity pertains to genetics, but it does not involve direct manipulation of DNA, and natural evolution is a biological process that occurs over generations through mechanisms like natural selection, rather than a deliberate scientific practice.

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