What is the definition of a buffer solution?

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A buffer solution is defined as a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acids or bases are added. This property is critical in maintaining stable conditions in biological and chemical systems, where pH can significantly affect the behavior of molecules, enzymatic activity, and overall reaction dynamics.

Buffers typically consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid. For example, a common buffer system is acetic acid and sodium acetate. When an acid is added to a buffer solution, the conjugate base in the buffer reacts with the added hydrogen ions to minimize the change in pH. Conversely, if a base is added, the weak acid component of the buffer can donate protons to counter the increase in pH.

This ability to maintain a consistent pH is essential in many biochemical processes, making buffers a critical component in laboratories and various applications in biotechnology.

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