What is the function of monoclonal antibodies in medical applications?

Monoclonal antibodies serve a critical role in both the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, especially cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. These laboratory-produced molecules are engineered to recognize and bind to specific antigens present on the surface of cells or pathogens.

In diagnostic applications, monoclonal antibodies are used in assays and tests to detect specific biomolecules, enabling early disease detection and accurate disease monitoring. For instance, they can be used in ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) tests to identify the presence of markers related to specific cancers or infections.

In therapeutic settings, monoclonal antibodies can target cancer cells or other diseased cells for destruction, either by directly inhibiting growth signals or by marking these cells for destruction by the immune system. They are designed to specifically bind to a target molecule, minimizing damage to healthy cells, which enhances treatment efficacy and reduces side effects.

The utility of monoclonal antibodies in both diagnosis and therapy underscores their versatility and importance in modern medicine.