Which organisms are commonly used in genetic engineering?

Bacteria, yeast, and animal cells are commonly used in genetic engineering due to their well-understood genetics and the ease with which they can be manipulated. These organisms serve as model systems for studying gene function and regulation, producing proteins, and creating genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are often utilized because they can replicate quickly and are amenable to the introduction of plasmids carrying foreign DNA. Yeast, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is also used because of its eukaryotic nature, which allows for post-translational modifications of proteins similar to those occurring in higher organisms. Animal cells provide a more complex system that can be used to study mammalian gene function, develop cell lines for research, and produce therapeutic proteins.

Focusing solely on genetically modified plant species, as suggested in another option, would exclude a significant range of organisms that prove valuable for various aspects of genetic engineering. Likewise, limiting the discussion to only mammal cells neglects the broader utility of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms in genetic studies and applications. Additionally, while all living organisms, including humans, can theoretically be subjects of genetic engineering, practical applications often prioritize certain organisms where techniques