Which process allows genetic material from one cell to become part of another cell's DNA?

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The correct answer is transformation, which refers to the process by which genetic material from one cell is taken up by another cell and incorporated into its genome. This is commonly observed in bacteria, where DNA from the environment, often in the form of plasmids, can be absorbed through the cell membrane. Transformation is a key mechanism for horizontal gene transfer, which contributes to genetic diversity and evolution among microbial populations.

In contrast, transfection typically refers to the introduction of nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells, often using chemical methods or physical means like electroporation. While this also results in the uptake of genetic material, it is characterized by the specific intent to modify eukaryotic cells, often for research or therapeutic purposes.

Transduction involves the transfer of genetic material between cells mediated by a virus (bacteriophage in bacteria). It is a virus-driven process and is distinct in that the recipient cell acquires DNA through viral infection rather than direct uptake from the environment.

Translation is a completely different process involved in protein synthesis, wherein messenger RNA is decoded to build proteins. This process does not involve the incorporation of genetic material into DNA but rather creates proteins based on genetic instructions already present in the cell.

Thus, transformation specifically captures the concept of

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